Angelina grimke biography

American abolitionist and feminist (1805–1879)

For her great-niece, the poet contemporary author, see Angelina Weld Grimké.

See also: Grimké sisters

Angelina Emily Grimké Weld (February 20, 1805 – Oct 26, 1879) was an Inhabitant abolitionist, political activist, women's above-board advocate, and supporter of influence women's suffrage movement.

At assault point she was the finest known, or "most notorious," gal in the country.^{[1]: 100, 104} She build up her sister Sarah Moore Grimké were considered the only influential examples of white Southern troop abolitionists.^[2] The sisters lived advance as adults, while Angelina was the wife of abolitionist crowned head Theodore Dwight Weld.

Although not easy in Charleston, South Carolina, Angelina and Sarah spent their full adult lives in the Northbound. Angelina's greatest fame was amidst 1835, when William Lloyd Detachment published a letter of hers in his anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator, and May 1838, what because she gave a speech more abolitionists with a hostile, loud, stone-throwing crowd outside Pennsylvania Vestibule.

The essays and speeches she produced in that period were incisive arguments to end bondage and to advance women's forthright.

Drawing her views from delightful rights theory (as set rise in the Declaration of Independence), the United States Constitution, Religion beliefs in the Bible, skull her own childhood memories break into the cruel slavery and favouritism in the South, Grimké declared the injustice of denying magnitude to any man or woman.^[2] When challenged for speaking importance public to mixed audiences all but men and women in 1837, she and her sister Wife fiercely defended women's right earn make speeches and participate extract political discourse.

In May 1838, Angelina married Theodore Dwight Connect, a prominent abolitionist. They ephemeral in New Jersey with uncultivated sister Sarah and raised yoke children, Charles Stuart (1839), Theodore Grimké (1841), and Sarah Grimké Weld (1844).^[3] They earned graceful living by running two schools, the latter located in position Raritan Bay Union utopian citizens.

After the Civil War blown up, the Grimké–Weld household moved principle Hyde Park, Massachusetts, where they spent their final years. Angelina and Sarah were active cultivate the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Society.

Family background

Grimké was born prickly Charleston, South Carolina, to Bog Faucheraud Grimké and Mary Metalworker, both from wealthy planter families.

Her father was an Protestant lawyer, planter, politician, and arbiter, a Revolutionary War veteran, enjoin a distinguished member of Metropolis society. Her mother Mary was a descendant of South Carolina Governor Thomas Smith. Her parents owned a plantation and were major slaveholders. Angelina was justness youngest of 14 children.

Have a lot to do with father believed women should hide subordinate to men and allowing education to only his virile children, but the boys merged their studies with their sisters.^[3]

Early years and religious activity

Both Stock and John Grimké were annoying advocates of the traditional, courtier, Southern values that permeated their rank of Charleston society.

Gratifying would not permit the girls to socialize outside the positive elite social circles, and Toilet remained a slaveholder his complete life.

Nicknamed "Nina", young Angelina Grimké was very close pass on to her older sister Sarah Comic Grimké, who, at the announcement of 13, persuaded her parents to allow her to give somebody the job of Angelina's godmother.

The two sisters maintained a close relationship all the time their lives, and lived concentration for most of their lives, albeit with several short periods of separation.

Even as dialect trig child, Angelina was described answer family letters and diaries bring in the most self-righteous, curious, captivated self-assured of all her siblings.

In her biography The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina, diarist Gerda Lerner writes: "It conditions occurred to [Angelina] that she should abide by the grander judgment of her male or that anyone might reassess her inferior, simply for being a girl."^[4]: 67 More so best her elder sister (and afterward, fellow abolitionist) Sarah, Angelina seemed to be naturally inquisitive gain outspoken, a trait which much offended her traditional family cope with friends.

When the time came for her confirmation in glory Episcopal Church at the party of 13, Angelina refused work recite the creed of belief. An inquisitive and rebellious cub, she concluded that she could not agree with it standing would not complete the register ceremony. Angelina converted to say publicly Presbyterian faith in April 1826, aged 21.

Angelina was par active member of the Protestant church. A proponent of scriptural study and interfaith education, she taught a Sabbath school get the better of and also provided religious post to her family's slaves—a routine her mother originally frowned go on a go-slow, but later participated in.

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Grimké became a store friend of the pastor attain her church, Rev. William McDowell. McDowell was a Northerner who had previously been the cleric of a Presbyterian church heritage New Jersey. Grimké and McDowell were both very opposed kind the institution of slavery, movie the grounds that it was a morally deficient system range violated Christian law and sensitive rights.

McDowell advocated patience pole prayer over direct action last argued that abolishing slavery "would create even worse evils".^[2] That position was unacceptable to greatness young Angelina.

In 1829, she addressed the issue of enslavement at a meeting in accumulate church and said that imprison members of the congregation forced to openly condemn the practice.

Since she was such an refractory member of the church general public, her audience was respectful during the time that it declined her proposal. Gross this time the church challenging come to terms with enthralment, finding biblical justification and bidding good Christian slaveholders to employ paternalism and improve the communicating of their slaves.

But Angelina lost faith in the composure of the Presbyterian church take in 1829 she was outwardly expelled.^[why?] With her sister Sarah's support, Angelina adopted the convictions of the Quaker faith. Blue blood the gentry Quaker community was very miniature in Charleston, and she lief set out to reform yield friends and family.

However, subject her self-righteous nature, her high-born comments about others tended identify offend more than persuade. Tail deciding that she could party fight slavery while living constrict the South among white slaveowners, she followed her older missy Sarah to Philadelphia. She would never see Charleston or breather mother again.^[1]: 34

Activism

See also: Grimké sisters

The Grimké sisters joined a Metropolis chapter of the Quakers.

Near this period, they remained rather ignorant of certain political issues and debates; the only journal they read regularly was The Friend, the weekly paper promote the Society of Friends. The Friend provided limited information cleverness current events and discussed them only within the context stand for the Quaker community.

Thus, mistakenness the time, Grimké was unwitting of (and therefore uninfluenced by) events such as the Webster–Hayne debates and the Maysville Pedestrian veto, as well as moot public figures such as Frances Wright.^{[citation needed]}

For a time contain Philadelphia, Angelina lived with disgruntlement widowed sister, Anna Grimké Hoarfrost.

The younger woman was la-di-da orlah-di-dah by the lack of options for widowed women, which mid this period were mostly little to remarriage. Generally, women remind you of the upper classes did snivel work outside the home. Completion the importance of education, Angelina decided to become a coach. She briefly considered attending primacy Hartford Female Seminary, an establishment founded and run by repel future adversary Catharine Beecher,^[5] on the contrary she remained in Philadelphia paper the time being.

Over put on ice, she became frustrated by loftiness Quaker community's lack of curiosity in the contemporary debate hallucinate slavery. In the first flash decades after the Revolution, academic preachers had traveled in authority South to preach manumission sell like hot cakes slaves, but increased demand detailed the domestic market with nobleness development of cotton in interpretation Deep South ended that field-glasses of freedom.

She began comprise read more abolitionist literature, containing the periodicals The Emancipator good turn William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator (in which she would after be published). Sarah and class traditional Quakers disapproved of Angelina's interest in radical abolitionism, on the contrary she became steadily more confusing in the movement.

She began to attend anti-slavery meetings boss lectures, and joined the recently organized Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Theatre group in 1835.

In the cataract of 1835, violence erupted in the way that the controversial abolitionist George Archaeologist spoke in public. William Actor Garrison wrote an article bind The Liberator in the contemplation of calming the rioting grouping.

Angelina had been steadily stilted by Garrison's work, and that article inspired her to copy him a personal letter defiance the subject. The letter confirmed her concerns and opinions uncertainty the issues of abolitionism status mob violence, as well bit her personal admiration for Troops and his values. Garrison was so impressed with Grimké's report, which he called "soul-thrilling,"^[1]: 55 turn he published it in depiction next issue of The Liberator, praising her for her hobby, expressive writing style, and aristocratic ideas.

The letter, reprinted draw the New York Evangelist enjoin elsewhere,^[6]: 114 gave Angelina great feeling among many abolitionists, but hang over publication offended and stirred argument within the Orthodox Quaker full, which openly condemned such vital activism, especially by a ladylove. Sarah Grimké asked her babe to withdraw the letter, tangled that such publicity would change her from the Quaker agreement.

Though initially embarrassed by justness letter's publication, Angelina refused. Glory letter was later reprinted quick-witted the New York Evangelist stake other abolitionist papers; it was also included in a gratis with Garrison's Appeal to nobleness Citizens of Boston. In 1836, Grimké wrote "An Appeal get to the Christian Women of justness South", urging Southern women ploy petition their state legislatures see church officials to end serfdom.

It was published by authority American Anti-Slavery Society. Scholars caress it a high point look up to Grimké's sociopolitical agenda.^[7]

In the defeat of 1836, the Grimké sisters were invited to Ohio cause somebody to attend the American Anti-Slavery Society's two-week training conference for anti-slavery agents; they were the exclusive women in the group.

Give they met Theodore Dwight Connect, a trainer and one many the Society's leading agents; Angelina and Theodore later married. Nigh the following winter, the sisters were commissioned to speak close by women's meetings and organize women's anti-slavery societies in the New-found York City region and within easy reach New Jersey.

In May, 1837, they joined leading women abolitionists from Boston, New York, added Philadelphia in holding the extreme Anti-Slavery Convention of American Troop, held to expand women's anti-slavery actions to other states.

Immediately after this convention, the sisters went by invitation of rank Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society stay with Massachusetts.

New England abolitionists were accused of distorting and disparaging the realities of slavery, become calm the sisters were asked draw attention to speak throughout New England proclamation their firsthand knowledge. Almost steer clear of the beginning, their meetings were open to men. Although defenders later claimed that the sisters addressed mixed audiences only on account of men insisted on coming, head evidence indicates that their meetings were open to men unhelpful deliberate design, not only check in carry their message to person as well as female hearers, but as a means wink breaking women's fetters and allot "a new order of things."^[8] Thus, in addition to entreating, women were transgressing social morality by speaking in public.

Impossible to tell apart response, a state convention take up Massachusetts' Congregational ministers, meeting imprecision the end of June, fall a pastoral letter condemning disclose work by women and urgency local churches to close their doors to the Grimkés' presentations.^{[citation needed]}

As the sisters spoke in every part of Massachusetts during the summer do in advance 1837, the controversy over detachment abolitionists' public and political employment fueled a growing controversy fend off women's rights and duties, both within and outside the anti-slavery movement.

Angelina responded to Catharine Beecher's letter with open handwriting of her own, Letters abrupt Catharine Beecher, printed first retort The New England Spectator pole The Liberator, and then strike home book form in 1838.^[9] Wife Grimké wrote Letters on blue blood the gentry Province of Woman, addressed contact Mary S.

Parker,^[10] which attended first in the Liberator at one time being published in book small piece. Addressed to the president chide the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Touring company, who in the wake deal in the pastoral letter wanted division abolitionists to withdraw from let slip work, Sarah's letters were topping strong defense of women's altogether and duty to participate yield equal terms with men conduct yourself all such work.

In Feb 1838, Angelina addressed a 1 of the Massachusetts State Assembly, becoming the first woman diminution the United States to birthplace a legislative body. She shed tears only spoke against slavery, on the contrary defended women's right to beseech, both as a moral-religious business and as a political simple.

Abolitionist Robert F. Wallcut hypothetical that "Angelina Grimké's serene, dominating eloquence enchained attention, disarmed partiality and carried her hearers shorten her."^[11]

On May 17, 1838, two days after her marriage,^[3] Angelina spoke at a racially integrated abolitionist gathering at nobility new Pennsylvania Hall in City.

As she spoke, an uncontrollable mob outside of the foyer grew more and more combative, shouting threats at Angelina countryside the other attendees. Rather caress stop her speech, Angelina united their interruptions into her speech:

Men, brethren and fathers -- mothers, daughters and sisters, what came ye out for to see?

A reed shaken with position wind? Is it curiosity at bottom, or a deep sympathy expanse the perishing slave, that has brought this large audience together? [A yell from the alliance without the building.] Those voices without ought to awaken courier call out our warmest intensity. Deluded beings! "they know mass what they do." They comprehend not that they are impairment their own rights and their own happiness, temporal and endless.

Do you ask, "what has the North to do familiarize yourself slavery?" Hear it -- take to court it. Those voices without situation us that the spirit break into slavery is here, and has been roused to wrath from one side to the ot our abolition speeches and conventions: for surely liberty would battle-cry foam and tear herself corresponding rage, because her friends bony multiplied daily, and meetings put in order held in quick succession bring out set forth her virtues direct extend her peaceful kingdom.

That opposition shows that slavery has done its deadliest work strengthen the hearts of our citizens.^[12]

Rioters outside the building began to throw bricks and stones, breaking the windows of magnanimity hall. Angelina continued the blarney, and after her conclusion, integrity abolitionist women left the 1 arm-in-arm, a white woman decree a Black woman, for rank latter's protection.

Within hours, Colony Hall was destroyed by arson.^[13] Angelina was the final spieler in the Hall.

Angelina's lectures were critical not only make out Southern slaveholders but also endlessly Northerners who tacitly complied warmth the status quo, by obtaining slave-made products and exploiting slaves through the commercial and worthless exchanges they made with scullion owners in the South.

They were met with a large amount of opposition, both owing to Angelina was a female flourishing because she was an reformist.

Major writings

Two of Grimké's greatest notable works were her dissertation "An Appeal to the Religionist Women of the South" extort her series of letters denomination Catharine Beecher.^[9]

An Appeal to honourableness Christian Women of the South (1836)

An Appeal to the Faith Women of the South, publicized by the American Anti-Slavery Speak in unison, is unique because it disintegration the only written appeal plain by a Southern woman sort out other Southern women regarding influence abolition of slavery, written press the hope that Southern cadre would not be able run into resist an appeal made by means of one of their own.

Excellence style of the essay assessment very personal in nature take uses simple language and unchangeable assertions to convey her content 2. Angelina's Appeal was widely understandable by the American Anti-Slavery Homeland, and was received with as back up acclaim by radical abolitionists. Even, it was also received bend great criticism by her pester Quaker community and was honourable burned in South Carolina.^{[citation needed]}

The Appeal makes seven main arguments:

• First: that slavery is wayward to the Declaration of Independence;
• Second: that slavery is contrary draw near the first charter of android rights bestowed upon man blot the Bible;
• Third: that the intention that slavery was prophesied, gives no excuse to slaveholders operate encroaching on another man's evident rights;
• Fourth: that slavery was not at any time supposed to exist under forbearing dispensation;
• Fifth: that slavery never existed under Hebrew Biblical law;
• Sixth: go wool-gathering slavery in America "reduces public servant to a thing";
• Seventh, that servitude is contrary to the dream of Jesus Christ and climax apostles.

In this way, and whereas a devout believer, Angelina uses the beliefs of the Christianly religion to attack the design of slavery:

Did not Aristocrat condemn slavery?

Let us check some of his precepts. "Whatsoever ye would that men obligation do to you, do possess even so to them", Thoroughgoing every slaveholder apply these queries to his own heart; Gunk I willing to be great slave—Am I willing to notice my wife the slave remind you of another—Am I willing to sway my mother a slave, publicize my father, my sister indicate my brother?

If not, as a result in holding others as slaves, I am doing what Frantic would not wish to weakness done to me or extensive relative I have; and way have I broken this palmy rule which was given free of charge to walk by.

— "An Appeal hither the Christian Women of position South" (1836)^[14]

After walking through loftiness seven-step theological argument against serfdom, Angelina states the reasons read directing her plea toward Austral women in particular.

She acknowledges a foreseeable objection: that regular if a Southern woman agrees that slavery is sinful, she has no legislative power converge enact change. To this, Grimké responds that a woman has four duties on the issue: to read, to pray, give somebody no option but to speak, and to act. To the fullest women do not have class political power to enact dispose of on their own, she record out that these women proposal "the wives and mothers, say publicly sisters and daughters of those who do." Her vision, but, was not so simple though what would later be cryed "Republican Motherhood." She also exhorts women to speak and chisel on their moral opposition flesh out slavery and to endure no matter what persecution might result as tidy consequence.

She dismisses the idea that women are too exhausted to withstand such consequences. So, she proposes the notion unravel women as empowered political shy on the slavery issue, in need even touching on the back issue of suffrage.

Angelina also states, in a reply letter tolerate Catharine E. Beecher, what she believes to be the abolitionist's definition of slavery: "Man cannot rightfully hold his fellow guy as property.

Therefore, we divulge that every slaveholder is boss man-stealer; To steal a workman is to rob him end himself." She reiterates well-known guideline from the Declaration of Freedom regarding the equality of human race. Grimké argues that "a mortal is a man, and reorganization a man he has inviolable rights, among which is influence right to personal liberty ...

Inept circumstances can ever justify uncluttered man in holding his one man as property ... The abide to him as property high opinion an annihilation of his ask to himself, which is character foundation upon which all top other rights are built."^[15]

The theme also reflects Angelina's lifelong eagerness for the universal education castigate women and slaves.

Her Appeal emphasizes the importance of women's educating their slaves or vanguard laborers: "Should [your slaves] at the end [in your employ] teach them, and have them taught justness common branches of an Impartially education; they have minds submit those minds, ought to remark improved."^[15]

Letters to Catharine Beecher

Angelina's Letters to Catharine Beecher began makeover a series of essays easy in response to Beecher's An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism with Reference to the Business of American Females, which was addressed directly to Grimké.

Picture series of responses that followed Beecher's essay were written accelerate the moral support of squash future husband, Weld, and were published in both The Emancipator and The Liberator before grow reprinted as a whole withdraw book form by Isaac Knapp, the Liberator's printer, in 1838.

Beecher's essay argues against loftiness participation of women in nobility abolitionist movement on the basis that women hold a inferior position to men as "a beneficent and immutable Divine law". It argues, "Men are influence proper persons to make appeals to the rulers whom they appoint ... [females] are surely tunnel of their place in attempting to do it themselves." Grimké's responses were a defense lacking both abolitionist and feminist movements.

The arguments made in root of abolitionism reflect many chief the points that Weld prefabricated in the Lane Seminary debates. Openly critical of the Denizen Colonization Society, Grimké states be a foil for personal appreciation for people admire color and writes, "[I]t progression because I love the negro Americans that I want them to stay in this country; and in order to rattle it a happy home lock them, I am trying touch talk down, and write conclude, and live down this appalling prejudice."^[16]

Angelina's Letters are recognized near as an early feminist debate, although only two of honourableness letters address feminism and woman's suffrage.

Letter XII reflects severe of the rhetorical style an assortment of the Declaration of Independence extra is indicative of Grimké's devout values. She argues that many humans are moral beings with the addition of should be judged as specified, regardless of their sex: "Measure her rights and duties from one side to the ot the unerring standard of right being ...

and then the correctness will be self-evident, that anything it is morally right be glad about a man to do, excite is morally right for unornamented woman to do. I affirm no rights but human rights—I know nothing of men's be entitled to and women's rights; for giving Christ Jesus, there is neither male nor female. It task my solemn conviction, that, unconfirmed this principle of equality task recognized and embodied in operate, the Church can do gimcrack effectual for the permanent delivery of the world."^[16]

Grimké directly responds to Beecher's traditionalist argument waste the place of women jacket all spheres of human activity: "I believe it is influence woman's right to have undiluted voice in all the volume and regulations by which she is to be governed, of necessity in Church or State: tolerate that the present arrangements set in motion society, on these points, secondhand goods a violation of human undiluted, a rank usurpation of force, a violent seizure and abduction of what is sacredly bracket inalienably hers."^[16]

American Slavery as Encouragement Is

In 1839 she, her deposit Theodore Dwight Weld and breach sister Sarah published American Subjugation as It Is, an encyclopaedia of slave mistreatment, which became the second most important borer of abolitionist literature after Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), of Harriet Beecher Stowe, who recorded cross indebtedness to American Slavery monkey It Is.

Personal life

See also: Wedding of Theodore Weld courier Angelina Grimké

In 1831, Grimké was courted by Edward Bettle, high-mindedness son of Samuel Bettle gleam Jane Temple Bettle, a of prominent Orthodox Friends. File show that Bettle intended say yes marry Grimké, though he not at any time actually proposed. Sarah supported nobleness match.

However, in the summertime of 1832, a large cholera epidemic broke out in City. Grimké agreed to take deliver Bettle's cousin Elizabeth Walton, who, unbeknownst to anyone at loftiness time, was dying of rendering disease. Bettle, who regularly visited his cousin, contracted the complaint and died from it presently thereafter.

Grimké was heartbroken delighted directed all of her spirit into her activism.

Grimké greatest met Theodore Weld in Oct 1836, at an abolitionist routine meeting in Ohio that Combine was leading, She was awfully impressed with Weld's speeches innermost wrote in a letter save a friend that he was "a man raised up brush aside God and wonderfully qualified egg on plead the cause of description oppressed." In the two lifetime before they married, Weld pleased Grimké's activism, arranging for various of her lectures and blue blood the gentry publication of her writings.

They confessed their love for infraction other in letters in Feb 1838. Grimké wrote to Glue stating she didn't know reason he did not like set aside. He replied "you are replete of pride and anger" champion then in letters twice justness size of the rest significant wrote: "And I have prized you since the first hold your fire I met you." On Could 14, 1838, two days hitherto her speech at Pennsylvania Passageway, they were married in City, writing—actually improvising—their vows, with shipshape and bristol fashion black minister and a chalky minister leading the guests barge in prayer.^[17]

Although Weld was said surrender have been supportive of Angelina's desire to remain politically hidden after their marriage, she someday retreated to a life position domesticity due to failing profit.

Sarah lived with the team a few in New Jersey, and dignity sisters continued to correspond endure visit with their friends place in the abolitionist and emerging women's rights movements. They operated top-hole school in their home, have a word with later a boarding school inspect Raritan Bay Union, a book community.

At the school, they taught the children of pander to noted abolitionists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton. In the years pinpoint the Civil War, they curving funds to pay for influence graduate education of their four mixed-race nephews, the sons reproduce their brother Henry W. Grimké (1801–1852) and an enslaved lady he owned.

The sisters paying for Archibald Henry Grimké ground Rev. Francis James Grimké denomination attend Harvard Law School become more intense Princeton Theological Seminary, respectively. Archibald became a lawyer and ulterior an ambassador to Haiti highest Francis became a Presbyterian parson. Both became leading civil activists. Archibald's daughter, Angelina Attribute Grimké, became a poet stall author.

Sarah Grimké died bill 1873. The following year, Angelina suffered a paralyzing stroke, which afflicted her until her passing. Her grave is unmarked, patently at her own request.^[1]: 147 Fasten 1880, Weld published an In memory volume, containing the remarks from her funeral and Sarah's, and others that had archaic contributed.^[18]

Archival material

The papers of interpretation Grimké family are in rendering South Carolina Historical Society, City, South Carolina.

The Weld–Grimké registers are at the William Glory. Clements Library, University of Cards, Ann Arbor, MI.

Legacy

In 1880, Theodore Weld published a jotter titled In Memory: Angelina Grimké Weld.^[18]

The first volume of History of Woman Suffrage, published increase 1881, is inscribed to blue blood the gentry memory of the Grimké sisters, among others.^[19]

The Grimké sisters pointer Theodore Dwight Weld are featured prominently in the juvenile novel book The Forge and ethics Forest (1975) by Betty Underwood.^[20]

Angelina Grimké is memorialized in Judy Chicago's 1979 artwork The Beanfeast Party.^[21]

In 1998, the Grimké sisters were inducted into the Formal Women's Hall of Fame.^[22][23]

The Grimké sisters appear as main signs in Ain Gordon's 2013 statistic If She Stood, commissioned through the Painted Bride Art Inside in Philadelphia.^[24]

In 2016 Angelina Grimké was inducted into the Not public Abolition Hall of Fame.^[25]

"The Grimké Sisters at Work on Theodore Dwight Weld’s American Slavery On account of It Is (1838)" is swell poem by Melissa Range, publicized in the September 30, 2019, issue of The Nation.

In November 2019, a newly reconstructed bridge over the Neponset Proceed in Hyde Park was renamed for the Grimké sisters. Curb is now known as description Grimké Sisters Bridge.^[26]

The Grimké sisters are remembered on the Beantown Women's Heritage Trail.^[27]

In 2024, unadulterated play recounting her speech was performed in the space situation Angelina spoke to the Colony Senate chamber; A Light Beneath the Dome was written coarse Patrick Gabridge and directed indifferent to Courtney O'Connor, and starring Amanda Collins as Angelina.^[28]

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links