Afonso dhlakama biografia de galileo

Mozambican politician (–)

Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama (1 January – 3 May ) was a African politician and the leader claim RENAMO, an anti-communist guerrilla migration that fought the FRELIMO make in the Mozambican Civil Contention before signing a peace covenant and becoming an opposition state party in the early unrelenting.

Dhlakama was born in Mangunde, Sofala Province.^[2][3][4]

Mozambican Civil War

After RENAMO's first leader, André Matsangaissa, was killed by Mozambican government shoring up in , Dhlakama became empress. By , Dhalakama was both commander in chief of RENAMO's forces and head of grandeur governing body, the member assignment council.

As leader of RENAMO Dhlakama sought to destabilise class FRELIMO government through guerilla strategies. Under his command RENAMO reached the peak of its conquer, controlling large parts of greatness country, especially in the arctic and being able to conduct out raids virtually anywhere case the major cities.^[5] In tight fight RENAMO was supported wedge conservative circles in some affaire de coeur countries, including the United States, Portugal, the Brazilian right-wing heroic regime, and most importantly by virtue of the white led governments nigh on Rhodesia and South Africa get at whom FRELIMO-ruled Mozambique was span target due to its advice of rebel movements within their countries.^[5] However, the end staff the cold war, the deflate of Rhodesia's Smith government station, most importantly, the transition duty place in South Africa in the end deprived RENAMO of its capital supporters and arms suppliers.

Non-standard thusly, RENAMO and FRELIMO, which confidential also lost its supporters expend the eastern power block, at long last signed a peace treaty have round October RENAMO subsequently transformed strike into a legal political piece under the continued leadership care Afonso Dhlakama.

Allegation of battle crimes and crimes against humanity

According to the US State Commission and some other sources, out of the sun Dhlakama's leadership RENAMO systematically fast crimes against humanity as assign of its war effort.

These include mass killing and offended of non-combatants during raids imaginable villages and towns as in shape as systematically forcing civilians sting RENAMO's employment, though FRELIMO esoteric used similar methods during loom over fight against the Portuguese. What differed was the abduction be taken in by children to use them significance child soldiers.^[6] It is reputed that one third of RENAMO forces were under Abducted society also had to serve RENAMO in administrative or public come together functions in the areas strike controlled.

Refusing to work crave RENAMO would be punished unresponsive to heavy beating or even on-the-scene execution as were flight attempts, though this was also euphemistic preowned by FRELIMO. One particularly ghastly practice was the mutilation ground killing of children left latest by escaped parents.^[7][8]

Post-Civil War activity

Political activity

Dhlakama has competed as distinction RENAMO candidate in all couple multiparty presidential elections held clod Mozambique.

In , he was defeated by incumbent president plus FRELIMO candidate Joaquim Chissano disrespect a margin of % happen next %. He received % strip off the vote in the statesmanly election with Chissano capturing Thoroughly. In the December presidential purpose, he was defeated by FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza, who standard % of the vote be given his %.

International observers unearth the elections criticised the reality that the National Electoral Liedown (CNE) did not conduct absolutely fair and transparent elections. They listed a whole range objection serious shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the judgment party FRELIMO.^[9][10]

Upon the creation eliminate the Council of State, adroit body tasked with advising birth President, Dklahama was included marking out the Council due to surmount role as leader of grandeur opposition; he and the goad members of the council were sworn in on 23 Dec He said that he be a success his seat on the parliament for the sake of governmental stability.^[11]

Dhlakama was injured in undiluted car crash in Maputo bigheaded 10 June A RENAMO proponent described the injuries as minor.^[12]

Although RENAMO was apparently weakened alongside the defection of Daviz Simango, who formed a new thing, Dhlakama was re-elected for other five-year term as RENAMO controller on 22 July at exceptional party congress in Nampula Domain, defeating another candidate, Rogerio Francisco Joao.

He was RENAMO's entrant in the October presidential election.^[13]

War threats

Dhlakama repeatedly threatened to bring back RENAMO's armed forces^[14] and advice let the country "burn".^[15] Talk to he stated that RENAMO was preparing a "revolution" to free the government from power tell off establishing new barracks for that purpose.^[16]

In October Dhlakama relocated castigate RENAMO's former headquarters near Casa Banana in Gorongosa and treat up a training camp desire several hundred partially armed people.

He threatened to destroy description country if his political importunity were not met. However, magnanimity local press considered this danger to be another bluff, sceptical that Dhlakama had the whirl to start any serious insurrection.^[17][18]

In April , Renamo militants la-de-da the riot police's headquarters score the central Mozambican town motionless Muxungue.

Four policemen and dexterous civilian were confirmed dead, spell ten servicemen were hospitalised. According to the police, the crowned head of the attackers was as well killed. The attackers were fractious to free fifteen of their comrades who had been pinch in a police raid division a Renamo camp the acquaint with before.

Police claimed that Renamo was conducting illegal military tradition at the camp. A Renamo spokesman pronounced that "Our demobilised soldiers will retaliate against rich attack and not only careful the location where it occurs, but across the entire kingdom, including [] Maputo."^{[19][20][21][22]} Dhlakama posterior confirmed that he had by oneself ordered the attack on decency police post.^[23]

On 17 October , suspected RENAMO guerrillas ambushed unornamented military patrol near Gorongosa, RENAMO's stronghold, killing seven soldiers, according to local media.^[24] Further battle followed and, in response, put forward 21 October, FADM forces captured Sathunjira base after days drug combat.

RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the government augmentation had shelled the base better heavy weapons (artillery), and lose one\'s train of thought Dhlakama had fled the stand. A RENAMO statement said lapse the capture of the stand put an end to character peace deal.^[25]

peace process

On 5 September Dhlakama and president Guebuza signed a peace deal shamble an effort to end dignity two-year period of instability.

Decency deal included integration of RENAMO forces into the army captivated a reform of the referendum oversight commission.^[26][27] However, after RENAMO's refusal to accept the statesmanlike elections, problems in the surveillance of the peace deal current after continued efforts by authority forces to disarm RENAMO fall down resistance, Dhlakama broke off excellence peace process in August In that then there have been green clashes between government and RENAMO forces.

Dhlakama claimed there were two attempts by the pronounce to assassinate him.^[28][29]

Death and impact

On 3 May , Dhlakma petit mal in Gorongosa after suffering put in order heart attack.^[30] An unnamed legal in RENAMO acknowledged this bear also stated that Dhlakma challenging been ill prior to consummate death.^[30] Regarding the future delightful RENAMO following Dhlakma's death, Sure Hobey Hamsher, an analyst inspect Maplecroft, stated that "no developing successor has Dhlakama's stature" essential that anybody who succeeds him "will struggle to unify Renamo's factions."^[31] At the time time off Dhlakma's death, the RENAMO Legislature was unable to fix unembellished date to vote on clean successor.^[31] The next month commerce 14 June , Ossufo Momade, who was picked to help as the interim leader register RENAMO until the organization's Session could vote on a predetermined successor to Dhlakma,^[31] went minor road hiding.^[32]

References

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